Unlike civilizations where environmental conditions and processes of the human body burial treatment favored conservation some specimens, the best trace-c-most common conditions for study d old skeletal remains are the Mexicans, if forgotten that several sources written account of diseases and remedies that there was the arrival of Spaniards, or that certain representations plastic-mail: farmers and pictorial features anómak-evident that medicine today may well be associated with facial paralysis, tuberculosis, goiter, and other foot equinovaro congenital deformities.
Today specialization anthropologist discipline and application of new techniques and scientific resources to move beyond the conventional bone analysis to diagnose diseases of the past. Anthropologists and specialists in physical anthropology skeleton (bioarchaeology and forensic osteology) have extensive knowledge about the physical and moan i fed the ancient inhabitants of Mexico, but also about their suffering congenital infectious, metabolic and geriatric.

Without neglecting the cultural diversity of the pre-Columbian Mexico, the magic-religious cause of death or the representativeness of the archaeological record for the different cultures, researchers have postulated as a theme common diseases associated with the natural cycle of life and death particularly those related to childbirth (puerperal fever), children (diarrhea, respiratory infections, burns from heat and difficulty breastfeeding) and aging (arthritis and osteoporosis).
In general terms, not far from the optimistic narrative of the chroniclers of the sixteenth century, it is considered that Mesoamerican societies were able to establish a balance with their environment, like other contemporary civilizations in the world, reached an acceptable expectation living close to 40 years. We also know that developing preventive and curative treatments for their ailments, which behaved in a stable judging by the low incidence of infectious disease epidemics and the absence of antibiotics.
According to the archaeological record of the physical evidence, all the common diseases in different eras and cultures of ancient Mexico often grouped as follows:

Metabolic Osteopatologías
Diseases such as screening or espongiohiperostosis orbital (abnormal growth of porous bone in the skull or the eye orbits), dropsy (ascites or accumulation of fluid in the womb), dental enamel hypoplasia, subperiosteal hemorrhage and inflammatory reactions in long bones are related to lack of nutritional elements, and in the pre-Hispanic mark a clear distinction between social classes, as demonstrated by studies of bones of Mayan leaders, describing the privileged individuals who reached heights and ages of above the average.
Dysplasia and congenital disorders
Among these have been documented cases of congenital spinal deformation (or gibosidad hump) and the iconography is rich in representations of supernumerary fingers and dwarfism in the Mayan culture or the Aztec, standing Bot (or equinovaro because pisa at an angle imperfect, leading to "zambas legs") were regarded as extraordinary attributes. A genetic disorder is the recent registration weakens you spondylitis (spinal fusion and progressive joints) that can be seen as a hereditary ruler in the dynasty efe Calakmul.

Infections
Direct exposure to bacteria, fungi and viruses justifies Bronchopulmonary infections) gastrointestinal versions commonly represented in graphic documentary evidence, however, symptoms and bone injuries more serious infections, like tuberculosis and syphilis, pre mummies in the Cave de la Candelaria. Extended occupation and exploitation of resources in the tropics have suggested proliferation of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease in pre-Hispanic times, but not leprosy, malaria and yellow fever, which are recorded only after the Spanish Conquest.
Rheumatic diseases
Osteoarticular effects, such as arthritis deformans wear, have been identified in several pre-Hispanic populations as a result of practices that promote physical labor specialization. Less common is osteoporosis by degenerative aging, perhaps because it relates to life expectancy, but has recently drawn attention to the identification of both the suffering and the skeletons of Pakal Reina Roja, long leaders of Palenque.

Injuries and wounds
The effects of external trauma, muscle contractions and some wounds in skulls, arms, legs and ribs were found in bone collections of several archaeological sites, which are a common disease in young male population, perhaps because their ability to participate in war activities . Most injuries are consolidated and reclaimed in life, although cases have been reported "in the aftermath of osteomyelitis infection of the bone marrow, following a traumatic couple.
Dental diseases
I teeth and kept their containers often better for
skeletal remains are very useful for the identification of health problems in general. They reflect both the quality of food as chewing habits and poor oral hygiene, in the old Mexican, causing cavities, alveolar abscess, loss of teeth, tartar buildup and tooth wear.
Although less factual support also may assume the existence of other diseases that also leave traces in the bones, as craneoestenosis (premature closure of cranial sutures) and tumors by abnormal growth of bone and tissue, and "diagnose" representations goitre, scurvy, anemia or chronic lead epidemiological references in tropical regions, or interpret mortal ills caused by fright or sorcery.
While scientific research has helped to validate the presence
of such diseases in several Mesoamerican cultures, can not say the same about the medical practices of prevention and cure. Those relating to society Aztec only documented in the chronicles and drawings of indigenous and Spanish authors, as seen in the magnificent illustrations of the Codex Florentino.
Dr. Bernard Ortiz de Montellano considers the Aztec culture, like other non-Western medicine, managed to develop a personal physician and naturalist, but influenced by a particular religious worldview magical emotional forces which played a key role in operation of men.
The support of the health system was a full knowledge of the human body, strengthened by eating a balanced diet with protein and the provision of public infrastructure for the supply and removal of waste and drinking water. The moral precepts of balance, moderation, exercise and performance of duty were also essential to preserve the physical health.
According to the Aztec world, there were at least three mental forces in the human body: tonalli related to the sun and concentrated on the crown; teyolía equivalent to the "soul" and is located in the heart, and ihíyotl, located in the liver . The involvement of any of these forces could cause illness, insanity or death. From a personal point of view, the problems were caused by supernatural entities, not human or sorcerers, sending epidemics killed, sick people or to damage caused by spells. "The remedies against diseases inflicted by the gods were the confession, the offering or [...]
Atonement, "while the procedures for witchcraft magic mentions Ortiz de Montellano, who also said that the careful observation of nature allowed the Aztecs discovered the benefits of medicinal plants and make them." His treatment of the injured exceeded andalusia much used by Europeans [...]; surgery was quite appropriate [...] Trataban fractures, drained abscesses and lesser forms of practicing plastic surgery. "
Scenes embodied in the Florentine Codex show healing of fractures and dislocations with dust and splinting cucucpatli; treatment of head injuries based on urine and saliva of maguey matlaxihuitl to heal, the healing of bruises and swelling with herbal ointments; the implementation of blood to reduce the swelling from falls; huitztli drink to relieve pain by bites, urine or hot lizards ground for chest injuries, and the use of the following maticéhuac for nosebleeds. Maybe now is not so obvious, but the acceptance and practice of traditional medicine is derived largely from the knowledge and beliefs of the ancient inhabitants of our territory.

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The alcohol, also called ethanol, is a chemical compound that can be obtained in various ways, mainly by the fermentation of sugars derived from plants and grains. The earliest records are from the fermentation of fruit are in the year 800 BC, in Arabia, then in the Middle Ages used the alcohol derived from the fermentation of fruit to cure disease.

At the same time it began to be used as medicinal and religious purposes, diversified sources of which was obtained alcohol, to encompass a wide variety of fruits and grains and is mixed with different ingredients to create a variety of alcoholic beverages. Currently, the main use of alcohol is recreational, and together with the snuff is the legal drug that is sold around the world.


The amount of alcohol that is ingested in beverages is highly variable. It ranges from relatively low-alcohol beverages such as beer, in which for every 100 milliliters of liquid, between 4 and 7 are my alcohol-to-distillates such as tequila, mezcal or the whiskey, whose concentration alcohol is 40 'per 100 milliliters.
Alcohol has many effects on various organs and apparatuses of the human body. Due to their chemical characteristics, is absorbed rapidly in the stomach and small intestine, so soon after reached a high level of alcohol in blood, as well as other effects on the body. Although alcohol has an effect on virtually all of the bodies, devices and systems, the most important are the changes that occur in the brain and behavior in the cardiovascular system and the liver.
Alcohol has important effects on the esophagus and stomach, as it directly harms the layer of mucus that protects them, and also causes lesions in the outer layer of cells in the mucosa, which favors the occurrence of ulcers and gastritis.
In the brain, changes caused by alcohol are directly proportional to the dose that is ingested, and become completely opposite: low doses cause a state of joy that comes to the euphoria, while high doses cause drowsiness, sleep and even state of coma or death (see box). The amount of alcohol that causes the symptoms varies, as each person is processed in a different way: there are people with very little data are experiencing alcohol poisoning, while others may consume large amounts without apparent symptoms of severe alterations.
The consumption of small amounts of alcohol in several of its forms, wines, beers, liquors, has been shown to have beneficial effects on health, since it helps process fats and stimulates the digestive system and brain. However, consumption of high doses of alcohol is associated with an increased risk of many diseases, and with a greater likelihood of having an accident.
Alcohol abuse is very serious consequences, not only physical but mental and even social. One is that the body needs ever larger amounts to achieve the desired effects felt, which means that levels of alcohol are increasingly unsafe and toxic. Alcoholism is when an individual can not control himself the amount of alcohol consumed and can not help but take up almost lost consciousness. It is a public health problem because it causes serious damage to the health of individuals and affects society where they live. The intoxication with alcohol is a problem that may endanger the life of an individual; for the treatment of these cases there are drugs to counteract the effects of alcohol and thus reduce their toxicity. In such cases, it is always necessary to go to a hospital to seek professional care.
Eye with the breath
In recent months, in many cities throughout the country have introduced measures that include road loss by detecting people who are operating a vehicle driving in a state of drunkenness, with the "breath". With this simple measure has prevented many traffic accidents, mainly the dawn of the holidays. What is done is to subject the driver of the car to a simple test in which he blows into a device that measures the level of alcohol is in the air leaving their lungs, the level of alcohol in the blowing is equivalent to the level blood alcohol level, and from a certain point it is considered that such a person can not drive a car, as his reflexes and his mental state in general are not optimal and may cause an accident (see box). The breath does not measure the level of alcohol is in your mouth, so the use of pills or gums to try to fool the device is useless, since what is detected is the alcohol that comes from the lungs.
Methanol, danger in sight
It is a compound very similar to alcohol, not only in terms of molecular, but also physically: both lack the color and evaporate and dissolve in water easily. Despite their strong similarities between these two composites exist very important differences, the main one is that if the methanol comes in contact with the agency (either the skin or ingested in adulterated drinks) cause alterations in blood and irreversible damage in The retina of the eye, causing blindness. 15 enough to cause my blindness, and between 70 and 100 to cause my death if the patient does not receive timely care. Methanol is cheaper than alcohol, so it sometimes is used illegally in the production of alcoholic beverages to lower costs and increase profits. So it is very important not to take drinks that are not bottled and labeled properly.
The alcohol from the pharmacy is not for drinking
Many times we think that alcohol that is sold for clinical use (at pharmacies), also called alcohol 96, "you can drink and did not: even if it is derived from sugar cane (such as rum and some spirits), the industrial process in which it is subjected during its production is to add a highly toxic substance (the glutaraldehyde) to be able to produce large quantities quickly. This type of drinking alcohol can cause irreversible damage to the liver and kidneys.

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The old man is likely to suffer from certain evils that sometimes go unnoticed or are misdiagnosed, and that are linked with sight, hearing and mastication. This affects not only their physical well-being, but also on the psychological and social.


The integrity of the human body is the basis for the organs and systems work properly, and the mouth is no exception. To have teeth in good condition is not only important for chewing and well nourished, but also has an important role in the aesthetic appearance, the mechanism of language and the quality of life. The mouth may be a reflection of the health education of the person, their nutritional status and certain systemic diseases as well as the means to help identify adverse reactions to multiple drugs. In this time of life are also presented taste disorders, among which the candy is the least affected, followed by salting. In exploring the oral cavity, it should examine the color and appearance of the mucosa, the existence and condition of the teeth, if there are injuries or sores, the surface of the tongue, in addition to the quantity and the smell of saliva. If the person uses dentures, it must be correct. The cleaning of the oral cavity should be carried out with products that antiplaque, along with proper brushing is the best way to prevent problems such as gingivitis and periodontitis. With regard to dental caries, it's best to clean house with fluoride rinses, and go every six months to a dentist dentobacteriana remove plaque and tartar. A mouthwash antiplaque, followed by a full brushing and flossing, it really prevent plaque from accumulating. With tablets revealing plate can be identified and overcome the shortcomings of brushing.


The ear
Too often older people have hearing problems, and this is extremely important because it predisposes to isolation, introversion and feelings of distrust. It is common for hearing loss are caused by problems in the outer ear, like hardened wax seals that have the potential to fill the external auditory canal; growth of hairs in the ear canal, the stiffness and dryness of the walls. These are problems that are detected by means of physical examination and are corrected easily. Because the skin of the external auditory canal is very thin and sensitive it is easy to hurt her, so a specialist is to conduct the cleanup in the ears of the elderly. We should not use swabs to clean them, then cause the wax is compacted and hurt the skin of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane, nor should it get water into your ear during bathing.


Besides altered taste and hearing, according advancing age is also affecting the sense of smell. The nose must be evaluated for symmetry, felt its structure, note the mucosa and humidity, whether the septum is aligned and whether the permeability of the graves is correct. The nose is clean cutting vibrio-ment (hair) of trenches and clearing secretions with the help of swabs, tissues and perhaps physiological saline to facilitate the procedure.
Although one should not exaggerate the cleanliness of natural orifices because it can injure the skin or mucous membranes, it is important to bear in mind these hygienic measure to avoid the problems mentioned.

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The theme of madness has been present throughout human history, although its concept and definition have evolved in line with culture and society. Has been dealt with philosophical approaches, mystical-religious and, since relatively recently, doctors. But each of these viewpoints has tried to fool them differently, either Honoring their disease related with the demonic-possession which leads to the purification through the exclusion or death of the patient and, in the latter case , Isolating it in homes or hospitals to ensure order.
These different conceptions have left footprints in culture and social representations that still remain. Not for nothing yet there is a feeling of fear and rejection of insanity and, indeed, its scientific study is fairly recent.


But what is normal? In reality it is only what is right or seen is well accepted in general by a particular society, community or group. Consequently, if it is something normal that we accept because we see it every day and which we are familiar, is not it possible that all we were crazy because we see as normal insanity of others? It would not be anything crazy to think so, because it is easy to live normal if we are assuming that we have as reference what is abnormal, or madness. Having a clearly defined line of what is madness lets us engaged as if nothing and no others see us badly.
Do not fool is one who lives believing that what is normal although it is not? So we are all fools and only those who call themselves "normal" living with a costume that allows them to move through this world without guilt or criticism of any part of the "normal" out there. Therefore what is considered madness is changing over time, such as seasonal clothing, because once we got used to view and hear it, simply ceases to be to turn everyday, what is right.
What a dull life would be without a little madness! Who knows what crazy is not so much for the sake of understanding what it does, and who ceases to be normal is when the "normal" consider him crazy.
In everyday language, the word must be crazy to be one of the most widely used; certainly employ the young people to be recognized as peers, older people to discredit one another, and comes from pearls to describe something creative, out-of-the common; it is curious that we miss by a term used to describe people who are sick of mind.
"From poets, scientists and we are all a little crazy," says popular wisdom, and often we check in our life when we recognize ourselves in them a little bit rational.
And there is psychiatry, the medical discipline that takes nearly two centuries to deal with mental illness, classifications, treatments and definitions, to the point that there are no movie or soap opera that has not a character psychiatrist or priest. They and their speech are located in the history of film and television as bearers of reason, almost half of the fair. Practically we know that when tangling and untangling of the plot are in full swing, see any doctor or psychologist that restores calm and wisdom. Neither does lack speak, because the subject is able to convey to viewers the beleaguered peace and tranquility itself "from who knows", which is not entangle leaves, which reinstalled the reason. Because of that appears to treat one of the themes of madness: the crazy and sane, of reason and unreason, and there are up to the blessed issue of limits: how far reaching the realm of madness, how far the madness, irrationality?
It is ironic that history is replete with characters whose follies did change its course, which was later recalled by all, less for his mental illness, among them Salvador Dalí, with his assertions, such as: "the crazy world we live in The sane living in the world of others, for us the time does not exist, but it is essential for sane; the crazy life we live in the manner in which we dream, the sane have to think ten times what they will say; We act according to our instincts, the sane for convenience; fools believe the reality, the sane are those who live it, everyone speaks alone, but while we do it out loud, the sane do it in silence for fear of to listen; madmen do not need money, for the sane them ever reached, the crazy travel to other universes, the sane are afraid to leave the land, we feel free, but the sane always bent on encerrarnos. "
Psychiatry is the medical science that is dedicated to serving and treating, mental illnesses, which are many and would be long list. However, we can mention schizophrenia, which has been listed as a synonym di madness. One example is the patient whose symptoms; manifested psychotic delusions and hallucinations with which Dios was still sends the message to "save the world," and that his mental disorder feet generates multiple conflicts in the family, what condition be placed in psychiatric hospitals, given s poor therapeutic adherence .. His mental state has started to improve by giving treatment, the symptoms you rem and restored their coherence and their consistency, as to the ability to view, which allows difference, between what real and the unreal.
There is also the case patient's neurotic, PEI shoots pessimistic and catastrophic c which is not able to cope with the hardships of daily life. Integrated into a psychotherapeutic process and, if necessary with psychopharmacological treatment, you can recover your mood.

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The hair covers almost the entire surface of the skin except the palms, soles, lips, nipples, navel and the third phalanx of the fingers. In the men were found in abundance in the skin scalp, armpits, the pubis, the eyebrows, eyelashes, the area of the beard and mustache; in women and children is thinner in the black race is over thick; at puberty makes its appearance in the pubic and armpit, and it is also thick, is thinning the eyebrows and eyelashes. In all the areas it serves as protection: the head guard us from the sun and injuries; those of the eyebrows and eyelashes, in addition to covering up the sun, prevent foreign particles entering the eyes, in the armpits and the pubis reinforcing the smell of sweat.


Why do some have more hair than others?
Race and legacy determine the amount, texture and color of hair, which can be Lazio, ripple or Woolly and vary from blond to black, going through different shades of brown, for example, Asians tend to have Lazio; of the Blacks tend to ripple, and based on inheritance, will be populated village or very low.
The hair may suffer various abnormalities, such as androgenetic alopecia, a hereditary problem, as well as the so-called premature baldness, according to statistics from the United States, is very common, because the patient approximately 50% of men and 25% of women. While in Mexico there are no statistics on the subject, represents an important reason for medical consultation.
There are other factors involved endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome and ovarian tumors, as well as syndromes of Addison and Cushing also certain drugs can cause or increase shedding of hair, as heparin, cyclophosphamide, The I-totrexato, colchicine, azathioprine, combined oral contraceptives, etc., including pregnancy cause changes in the amount of hair, because on the one hand increases during this period, and on the other, their downfall is increased after childbirth. It also
may result in shortages: malnutrition, deficiency of essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and alpha-and iron deficiency, in addition to metabolic problems such as kidney failure or liver.

When growing?
The hair of the eyebrows, upper lip and the beard begins to train the nine weeks of gestation, when the seeds Pilosus originates primary, which is increasing day by day to create the hair follicle, then form the stem Hair.

When it falls?
The life cycle of hair is divided into three stages: the first is the growth period, called anágena phase, which lasts from two to six years and the second is a transitional phase in which the follicle idle for two or three weeks ; Finally happens the stage of hair removal, which lasts two to three months, telógena call, when it is pushed by the new. It is known that each hair follicle produces about 20 throughout its existence and that in total there are about 100,000 hairs on a healthy scalp skin, of which usually are lost from 50 to 100 a day, while simultaneously being others grow, so there is always more or less the same amount.
Keep or delete
It is appropriate to keep the hair because, as already mentioned, is a protection. We need to keep as healthy as possible, hygiene and good food, trying to avoid the aggressive agents. Eliminate causes of skin disorders at the scalp, because it brings more sun exposure, which are problems that it is easy to see in those who do not. Such is the case with androgenetic alopecia, which increases the susceptibility to develop skin lesions that are unprotected, these changes ranging from coloring-like spots of brown-and premalignant lesions such as actinic keratosis, until skin cancer .
Currently, about aesthetics and tends to remove the hair from various areas of the body, but you have to take into account that if we have is for something, because it has a specific function in his body, protecting it.

¿Shave or pluck?
Although shave is easy, economical, fast, painless and safe, the result lasts very little. Only in a matter of hours or days is a tip rome even thicker, so that women tend to reject this method to get rid of the hair. Side effects are postinflamatoria hyperpigmentation (darkening of the skin on that site), the pseudofoliculitis, contact dermatitis, as well as small erosions and abrasions.
Pluck is a more lasting way to get rid of the hair for days and even weeks, because it is removing the hair follicle. The most common method is to wax, is generally used in the form of hot or cold strips that are placed over the area you are going to pluck and then withdrew in the opposite direction to the direction in which hair grows, the pseudofoliculitis process can cause folliculitis or infectious.
With tweezers pluck the hair by hair is pulled or groups of them, this method is used especially in the eyebrows and face, and it's simple, cheap and fast.
The concept of permanent hair removal is seen as the significant reduction, stable and sustained hair. It was practiced by means of laser devices that require the assessment of the patient before application. To get it is due to go to a specialized center, where professionals perform these procedures in repeated sessions to achieve a satisfactory result. The method is expensive, but over time the price tends to fall.

A lot indicates hair disease?
Too much hair in an area of the body not normally pilosa is a disorder that is called hypertrichosis and can be congenital or acquired, localized or generalized. A disorder that affects women is hirsutism, which is defined as excessive growth of hair in a pattern typically masculine, such as in the upper lip, cheek, beard, the anterior chest, breasts, the lower abdomen and groin region. Is the result of excessive secretion of androgens in the ovaries or the adrenal glands or the stimulation of a pituitary tumor. That is why cases of severe hirsutism and progressive should be studied jointly by an endocrinologist.
What about the ears?
Sometimes shows growth of hair in the ears, which is known as hypertrichosis handset and is usually in older men, AIDS patients, infants, children of mothers with diabetes and patients with diabetes mellitus.
Usually cut with scissors is removed with tweezers ov uprooting of pluck, the problem is to re-grow, like those emerging in the nose.

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What are the rich nopales! What if accompanied with some charolitos? These foods are good for young and old and should integrate our eating habits. The nopales correspond to the group of vegetables, while the charales of the meat, both give variety to the menus and Mexico are accessible to all budgets.
The nopales are an excellent vegetable to accompany our favorite dish: stews, soups, tlacoyos, weighing, eggs, beans, avocado and what is happening to us, because they are a real luxury for the palate. Are recommended to prevent and control health problems such as high levels of fats in the blood, diabetes and hypertension, among others. When you eat any meat with high fat content, add nopales to reduce its absorption.


In the closing years of last century resurfaced interest in nopales as a source of food and health, so it has not only increased their consumption fresh, but dried, as a complement to preventive medicine. At present many countries the most.
The charales are a great source of calcium and protein, contain no cholesterol or saturated fat, such as meat, are rendidores, and combined with nopalitos are a very nutritious dish that protects the cardiovascular health due to their low in saturated fat and cholesterol and, in the case of the nopal, because of its high fiber content.
In addition to seasonal fruits and vegetables, legumes (beans, lima beans, lentils, soy, beans) and moderate amounts of foods of animal origin, include nopales charales and in their food, keep an appropriate body weight for their height, do 30 minutes of exercise a day, do not smoke and sleep eight hours a day. You see what is going to feel good!

The Nopal
No doubt the prickly pear is one of the wonders of nature, as well as its flavor and versatility, has few calories, which come primarily from complex carbohydrates. Provides a minimum amount of protein and fat free. It is rich in vitamins A, C, some B complex (riboflavin and vitamin B6), minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and copper and fiber, which is one of his main qualities.
Fiber is the portion that is not digested the food, there are two types: soluble and insoluble. The first consists of gums and mucilages pectin, which forms a gel in the intestine that absorbs and reduces their time emptying, and reduce the rate of absorption of glucose and cholesterol in the blood. For its part, the insoluble fiber speeds the passage of stool by the gut and increase the quantity and frequency of bowel movements, which combats constipation and helps prevent certain types of cancer, especially colon. In addition, two before eating grilled nopalitos favor the control of appetite and help weight loss, but is not recommended in bucodentomaxilares problems, dysphagia, and esophageal varices, it can cause abdominal distension, flatulence and heartburn, is banned in diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, surgery, intestinal resection and in preparing for radiological studies and endoscopic colon, and excretory urography in diets with minimal waste.
The nopales can eat raw or cooked and combined with eggs, pepper, poultry, or seafood soups. They are sold in escabeche, dehydrated, brine and jam, as well as shampoo, soap, cream, capsules, tablets, syrups, sweets and juices, among others.

Nutrition information 70 grams of prickly pear
Carbohydrates: 3. curettage
Protein: 1.0
Fat: 0.2 grams
Kilocalories: 15
Dietary Fiber: 3.2 grams
Vitamin A: 146 mg RE
Ascorbic acid: 4.5 mg
Iron: 0.9 mg
Potassium: 93 mg

The dry charal
Since the pre-Hispanic times charales play an important role in feeding the Mexicans: they are small fish from fresh water and clear, silvery white, about 5 cm in length, and are sold fresh or dried. The latter was dewatered in the open and then undergo a high concentration saline in order to keep them up to a year.
In addition to being rich in calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, iron, magnesium, iodine, niacin and vitamins C, E, B and A, essential in the development of the nervous system, the charales nuts contain protein of high biological value, low fat , No carbohydrates and a large amount of omega 3 oils. For its lean and easily digested can be included in slimming regimes and the people convalescing, in addition to helping to reduce levels
cholesterol and heart disease, provided they are prepared steamed, baked or roasted, because capearlos increase the calories and fat.
For its high sodium content are not recommended for patients with hypertension, even in cases of cirrhosis, renal insufficiency or damage and hyperuricemia. It should not consume those who suffer from gastroparesis, intestinal fistula, diverticulitis, esophagitis, or those with allergies to shellfish.
Prior to prepare them should soaked and softened to remove excess salt. Then they removed the head, washed carefully and are prepared in various forms, with nopal, with potatoes in green sauce or Morita, you can make pancakes with sauce with egg, in tamales, capeados or coated with lime as a snack.

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Many traditional medicines used honey to cure various ailments, and it is not surprising, because we know that since 2 500 years ago the man had consumed various purposes. Since the ancient Egyptians and, on this side of the world, several Mesoamerican cultures had found its properties, especially the healing of wounds.
At various points around the globe has been used to prevent contamination of wounds, treat mastitis in dairy cows, cure peptic ulcers, gastroenteritis to alleviate and control the tub.
Currently one of the peculiarities of the honey that attracts more research universities and laboratories around the world is its power antibiotic course.


Sweet as honey
The honey is composed mainly of glucose and fructose, in addition to water, but contains other sugars (including maltose, sucrose, Turan, isomalt and maltulosa), acids, proteins and minerals.
Since it is a "sweet" high in fructose, honey under certain conditions tends to absorb water. For that reason often used in some bakery products to extend its "shelf life", as it maintains the moisture of the food.
But those are not their only nor the most admirable features:
As a sweetener, honey can replace sugar, contains about 69% of glucose and fructose. It is a source of energy: the honey provides 64 calories per tablespoon, an amount greater than that provided by sugar cane, which provides 50 calories per tablespoon. • It's easy digestion.
Improving the performance of those who do so much physical exercise as the athletes, helps maintain stable levels of glucose in the blood, the recovery of muscles and the restoration of glycogen after training.
It is said to be a source of vitamins and minerals, although recent studies show that the quantities of each other and are so small they are not significant.
It batericida and fungicide. Applied on wounds promotes the recovery of injured tissue and serves as an antiseptic.
Softens the skin. Combined with milk, honey has a softening effect.

Crystallized honey
There are many myths on how to recognize the pure honey bee, on the crystallized honey and whether it is possible to heat it or not. According to our investigations, many honeys that are sold in shops and supermarkets have been boiled and filtered for delaying the crystallization process, which is perfectly normal, but apparently it destroys some of their nutrients. Crystallized honey is not defective, no wax is dissolved and no sugar.
If the preferred liquid, simply place the bottle in a bowl with hot water (not in a water bath), or let alone is founded, as if it were butter, at untarla on hot cakes, bread or other foods hot.
Not recommended for heating in microwave or directly on the stove because it is easy to burn and its flavor is altered.
The case of antioxidants
It is nutritious and non-nutritive substances that can delay or inhibit oxidation, or neutralize the damaging effects of free radicals. The body suffers the effects of oxidative stress, responsible for the increase in cardiovascular disease and cancer, among other ills.
Research shows that honey contains numerous phenolic and non-phenolic antioxidants, whose quantity and characteristics are heavily dependent on the source from which it originates floral honey. The darker honeys usually have higher content of antioxidants, honey clearer.

Baby, refrain
Honey may contain Clostridium botulinum spores that cause infant botulism, a terrible disease that affects the nervous system of babies under one year and a half old. These spores are scattered in the atmosphere, and tend to accumulate in dust, soil and food badly packaged. The immune system of adults and children older than 18 months, in general, already has enough defenses to combat them, and that these spores become harmless when subjected to heat, for example, to manufacture food in ovens, toasters and rosticeros, to name a few.

In search of truth
In recent decades have been conducted numerous studies to determine the veracity and extent of the alleged power of honey antiseptic, especially in the treatment of wounds. In some textbooks healthcare shown that honey has antimicrobial properties, which promotes wound healing without encouraging the formation of crust, deodorizes the wounds that have a foul odor, stimulates the regeneration of tissues and, more importantly, keeps the wound hydrated , Which in many cases, it is important to prevent the new tissue is deformed.
The most recent studies have been conducted at the Research Unit of the Honey of Waikato, New Zealand, and the Christie Hospital in Manchester, England. In this latest study, from 2006, the application of honey for cancer patients to promote a swift recovery after surgery.
In these studies has been able to determine that honey inhibits a broad-spectrum of bacteria capable of causing an infection, and some fungi.
As to its composition, Honey is a super-saturated solution of sugar, of which 84% is a mix of fructose and glucose, while the water is only between 15 and 20% of their weight. The explanation for the antibacterial action is that the interaction of molecules of these sugars with water molecules would leave very little of the latter available for microorganisms.
Although certain types of yeast survive in some honeys with higher water content, with which the honey-decomposes, it is so scarce that is not enough to sustain any life form, even if the water content is lower than 17.1 % Fermentation is not possible.
Also, honey is undiluted acid half, with a pH of between 3.2 and 4.5, which is another factor that inhibits the development of many pathogens (such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp.; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4.4; Streptococcus pyogenes). However, we must take into account that body fluids can dilute the honey and thus increase its pH.
But, apparently, the most important reason for which the honey has an antibacterial effect is that as a result of the activity of enzymes containing the bee, which occurs in a gland called hipofaríngea and serves to transform the nectar of flowers -, Honey produces hydrogen peroxide. This, which in nature is to preserve, allows that when t honey is diluted and change the pH, succeeding complex chemical formulations that result in the production of an antiseptic which can kill bacteria but without damaging the tissue.
As if all this were not enough, honey has antibacterial yet another mechanism based on photochemical, which is supposed to come into action under conditions where the former could be disqualified, for example, because of the heat. The latter mechanism has not been studied yet.

Will try?
There have been tests on wounds that did not respond to usual treatments based on antibiotics and antiseptics; the result, in almost all cases, was that honey was very effective to fight infection and promote healing quickly.
Although apparently honey from certain plants had a higher antibacterial activity than others, so far this has not been verified. But the researchers point out that while not everyone will discover the secrets of the honey is used with caution and be careful and constantly monitor the evolution of the wound, and try to detect by other means any sign of infection. It is also necessary to replicate as many times as necessary when the body fluids lost. In any case, the honey that is used to treat wounds, burns or other injuries should be kept in a cool, rather cold, and away from light.
Either way, scientific studies indicate that not all honeys have the same antiseptic power, and it has been studied only a few among the thousands of varieties of honey, so that we can not yet say that this is a remedy infallible.

Keep your treasure
If preserved in an airtight container with lid, honey can remain unchanged for decades and even over hundreds of years, but will depend on the conditions of storage. In general, you may lose your scent, which will crystallize, it becomes tasteless or all three. Most of the honey brands that offer their products in supermarkets down a shelf life of two years, but we all know that can last much longer.

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One of the basic functions to sustain life is breathing. In humans and most living things above is done through the lungs, which function automatically. That means that we continue to breathe regularly during sleep and even in states of unconsciousness, only a serious brain injury can inhibit this automatic breathing.
The main function of breathing is an exchange of gases. Through the membrane of the alveoli, which are units of the lungs breathing, a few small bags to fill with air and are at the end of the bronchi, which are precisely those that are damaged if there is emphysema-enters oxygen, a gas vital for energy in all cells of the body. The energy maintains life as the electrical current stays on an outbreak if it is cut, the focus is turned off, if reconnects, the focus turns on again, but not cells, which, if left without power after a few minutes die and no longer return to work, which causes irreversible damage to tissues and organs and eventually causes the death of the whole organism.


Journey to the farthest corner
The oxygen travels through the blood into red blood cells, more specifically in their hemoglobin, which is why it is important to have the proper amount of hemoglobin. The shortcoming of this, which is called anemia, reduces the transport of oxygen.
The cells take oxygen and returned to the hemoglobin carbon dioxide (CO), which is the waste product of cellular respiration in the production of energy. Hence the great importance of oxygen for life
The oxygen gas is an odorless, tasteless and colorless, that the condensed (liquid made) acquires a bluish color. In the periodic table of elements found in the group of gases. Biatómico is, that is, is composed of two atoms, so its chemical name is O. As it triatómica (03) is called ozone and currently focuses attention around the world, as it is the element that forms a protective layer of our atmosphere, whose main function is to prevent the passage of harmful solar radiation, but because of pollution is deteriorating.

And chemical oxygen
Oxygen is one of the most abundant on our planet is the fifth of the air, almost half of the land and more than four-fifths of the water. It is essential to the life of plants and animals, as living beings (except for certain limited exceptions) derive their energy from respiration to some chemicals combine with oxygen. It is also one of the products of the plants that perform photosynthesis, the process by which renews the oxygen from the atmosphere.
To be a very negative for its electronic load, it is easy to merge it with most of the elements, which are oxides. Many metals are oxidized with just the air from the atmosphere, although that process has much to do moist air, since the water contains more oxygen than the air. The formula of water indicates that its components are two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen: H90. You can get so through two industrial processes:

1) distillation of liquid air by steps;
2) solutions alkaline electrolysis of water.
The oxygen has many applications, the most important are:
• Fuel for torches, steel production and processes
which require high temperatures.
• In the chemical industry, to obtain liquid substances such as acetylene, chlorine and sulfuric acid landlord, and to obtain explosives in liquid derived from nitrates.
• As space rocket fuel.
• Medical treatments, such as oxygen therapy.

Applications in medicine
In medicine, oxygen is a major part of treatments to sustain life in cases of extreme gravity. The oxygen therapy is a basic action that takes place in hospitals constantly, both in the emergency services in areas such as intensive therapy and even hospitalization normal. For example, a cardiac decompensation with acute pulmonary edema (swelling caused by accumulation of water on the walls lung) requires the early use of oxygen and is one of the main measures to save the life of the patient. Since its discovery, oxygen therapy has been a measure for acute cases, sudden and the aggravations of chronic diseases when there is danger of loss of life or serious deterioration of the function of one or more organs.
The oxygen is also used in therapy for chronic respiratory problems. Current mind is increasingly used in newborns or two with respiratory problems in children with diseases of the alveolar membrane, such as cystic fibrosis (which hardens the alveoli 'In some countries already manages an attachment in the form of a backpack containing oxygen to that the mother can be recharged while attending to the baby.
Oxygen tents are also often used, as they provide a rich environment that is beneficial in cases where the patient has difficulty in movement. This device works through an oxygen tube with an electrical switch that regulates the output of the gas saturation as required.
A baseline study to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood that there is evidence of the partial pressure of oxygen (Pa07). If the result of this is less than 60 mm of mercury, the patient had respiratory failure. This measurement must be performed in arterial blood, a procedure difficult and very annoying, for which it was required to place the patient.
The mask for oxygen is another very useful additions, this must cover both the mouth and nose and be connected to a tube with an oxygen bottle humidifier. In this way, the patient receives oxygen saturation with a greater than 21%.
Masks can be rubber, plastic or silicone, the latter are cheaper, and are transparent as we can see the face of the patient and monitor changes of coloration, especially on the lips.
There are special masks for serious cases, which allow to manage larger amount of oxygen (up 60%), whereas the normal troop between 25 and 35 of oxygen, and are used when the problem is more lenient.
A direct method Oxygenation which is widely used is the nasal catheter, a tube is separated into two smaller tubes and placed inside the nostrils (in some places it is called bigotera).
Other methods to get a patient to breathe are: the high-pressure oxygen, which is used in cases of severe COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), high-pressure chambers, which are used when the problem is not obstructive but because of paralysis the respiratory muscles, as in chronic patients, for example, those with the aftermath of childhood polio, Guillain-Barre syndrome or acute intoxication by drugs that paralyze the respiratory muscles, as some organophosphate poisons that are used in agricultural spraying.

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Since June 2007, served in the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy General Hospital Regional 1 "Dr. Carlos Sanchez Navarro Mac Gregor" is a technology that seems to have emerged from a science fiction novel. This is a capsule endoscopy used to examine the small intestine, which measures 6.4 meters and is inaccessible by any other endoscopic technique. The capsule, with a small camera, you can get more than 50 000 images in eight hours after the patient swallowed with the help of a little water. Dr. Clara Luz Martinez Garcia, Chief of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy at the hospital, said that with the use of this technology, the IMSS is placed at the forefront.

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The IMSS serves more than 1 000 000 patients with any form of mental disorder each year; of these, 70,000 suffer from schizophrenia, a disease that mainly affects young people between 15 and 25 years old and has the second highest prevalence of mental illness in Mexico, after the depression.
The patient with schizophrenia has the highest rate of suicide (60%) compared with other mental illnesses, said Dr. Jose Luis Ramirez Vazquez Psychiatric Hospital Dr. Tovar Hector Acosta "of IMSS. For his part, the psychiatrist Miguel Angel Zamora Olvera, attached to the Family Medicine Unit No. 10. IMSS, estimated that more than 25000000 Mexicans have behavioral disorders, depression and anxiety, and warned that the World Health Organization ( WHO) predicts that by 2020 depression will be the primary responsibility for absence from work, physical and social conditions in the world.
Last year, the IMSS 1 490344 dependents served by a mental disorder; of the total consultations, 600,000 were for patients with anxiety and 250 000 people with depression.
While the hereditary factor has a significant impact on the development of mental disorders, violence, stress, labor problems, social, emotional, emotional or personality are factors that often are present in these pathologies.

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Dr. Aldana Ignacio Ortiz, president of the International Organization for Chapter Asthma Central America, said that this disease is a chronic inflammation of the main causes of school absenteeism and labor, and announced that according to the World Health Organization (WHO), disability awards around the world by malaise directly related to asthma amount to 15 000 000 years ago.
Although it has not been detected the origin of asthma, which is a multifactorial disease, it has succeeded in identifying risk factors that predispose certain individuals to suffering. For example, in recent years have shown that the sulfur dioxide content in diesel often triggers asthma attacks and that being the son of a mother smoking may influence the hyperreactivity in the airways of a newborn.
It has recently been amended, the manner in which access is traditionally treated asthma in children under five, as had been observed that their response was not always favorable. The new therapeutic approach, based on single dose inhaled glucocorticoids, it controls up to 80% accesses night.

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According to studies by the National Institute of Public Health in Cuernavaca, to analyze the breath of asthmatic children were able to determine the effects of exposure to air pollution. The researchers found that increased levels of a substance called Malondialdehyde causes a reduction in lung function and increased nasal secretion of a natural inflammatory substance, interleukin 8, and is directly related to exposure to pollutants from the atmosphere, resulting from the transit vehicular.

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There is already an emergency treatment for HIV. Thinking of those people who for various reasons are suddenly at risk of contracting the AIDS virus, an emergency treatment based on anti-retroviral drugs. So ideally, it should start within the first 60 minutes after risky sexual contact or sharing of syringes, and the maximum period is 72 hours. Can be administered, for example, victims of sexual abuse as part of the treatment that includes prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), emergency contraception, gynecological and psychological assessment, but should be administered under strict medical supervision and approval and only in where there is real risk of contracting HIV, because the side effects and toxicity of antiretrovirals and their prices very high. This method I developed from the standards and protocols set out in hospitals to control the infection risk to staff health before a possible exposure to blood contaminated with HIV.

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Scientists at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) received the Award for Medical Research Dr. George Rosenkranz, 2007, which gives the company Roche in the area of Epidemiology, for having developed a vaccine against swine cysticercosis, allowing en masse to immunize pigs in rural areas. The team hopes soon to make an oral vaccine for ease of administration to animals, which not only reduce costs but will increase the possibility of coverage. For their part, scientists from the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM) working on the creation of a vaccine against diarrheal diseases that affect children under five. The vaccine to fight a micro-organism called Campylobacter, which can attack an adult person and cause an infection a week, but that a child under five years can be dehydrated during that time. Diarrhea caused by Campylobacter, is characterized by a bloody flux, a product of the damage caused in the intestine.

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It's called a menstrual period or flow of blood loss vaginally due to flaking of the endometrium, which occurs with approximately one month. The onset of menstruation marks the beginning of the reproductive life of women.
Lost approximately 130 ml of blood per cycle, with a range of 13 to 300 ml. Usually the bleeding, which did not coagulates unless it is very abundant, is more copious the second day.
It is considered the first day of bleeding as the first day of the menstrual cycle, which involves several elements, including the major hormones produced by ovaries and pituitary-estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating and latinizante, and involved several organs , As the uterus, ovaries, the hypothalamus and pituitary, among others.


The menstrual cycle
The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. It consists of three layers: the first is to be eliminated with menstruation month to month, and regenerates in the same period, according to the phase of the cycle to it.
Based on the Endocrine developments, the menstrual cycle, which can be between 23 and 35 days were divided into three phases.
The follicular phase (ovulatory) begins the first day of bleeding and ends the day before the preovulatory increase of luteinizing hormone, which marks the beginning of the ovulatory phase. This is the most variable in terms of duration, as it is considered within the normal range that goes from 12 to 14 days. In this period of endometrial thickening occurs due to the elevation of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone, which regenerates completely within a period of between four and seven days after menstruation. Similarly stimulates the growth of a group of three to 30 follicles (eggs) that are recruited because of their rapid growth during the last days of the previous cycle. As the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone down, you select one of these follicles to ovulate, and when it matures, the others are eliminated.
Normally the ovulatory phase was introduced on June 14 of the cycle. Given the complex set of hormonal events that occur in it, is considered the ovulatory phase as the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Here is where the follicle or ovum becomes larger and protruding into the outer layer of the ovary, when broken, leads to ovulation, or the release of the egg by the ovary.
Postovulatory or luteal phase occurs in the second half of the menstrual cycle. During the same egg begins to move along the fallopian tube toward the uterus, leading to increased levels of progesterone and the coating helps prepare the uterus for a possible pregnancy. If a sperm fertilizes the egg, and it adheres to the wall of the uterus, the woman becomes pregnant. If the egg is not fertilized, it dissolves or is absorbed by the body, pregnancy does not occur, the levels of estrogen and progesterone fall, coating the spread of the uterus is released and menstruation low.

The organs of reproduction and the menstrual cycle
The cervix. During the follicular phase produced a progressive increase in the vascularization of cervical and cervical mucus secretion. The external cervical opening hole to reach a diameter of 3 mm at ovulation, then is reduced to 1 mm. The gradual increase in estrogen does increase of ten to 30 times the amount of cervical mucus, whose characteristics are clinically useful for evaluating the stage of the cycle and the hormonal status of the patient.
The elasticity of mucus increases just before ovulation, while during dormancy, and the influence of progesterone, thickens, it becomes less watery and loses its elasticity.
The vagina. When at the beginning of the follicular phase of ovarian secretion of estrogen is low, the vaginal epithelium is thin and pale, but as they begin to raise, it becomes more elastic, resistant and violet color.

Disorders or menstrual irregularities
Among the major menstrual disturbances are the following:
• amenorrhea, or absence of menstrual period, which can be:
Primary. This term is used to refer to the absence of the period in which young women at 16 years of age have not yet begun to menstruate. In this case you need to discard first the presence of congenital abnormalities or birth in the reproductive organs.
Secondary. It is the lack of menstruation in women who used to have it on a regular basis. Some of the causes of amenorrhea are normal physiological or, as pregnancy and lactation, while others are of extreme weight loss as a result of serious illnesses, eating disorders, excessive exercise or stress. It may also be related to problems of the reproductive organs or hormone from pituitary glands, thyroid, ovary or adrenal.
• Dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps: These are periods
painful that include severe menstrual discomfort. In general, young women the pain is not due to any illness or medical condition known, but is caused by a hormone called prostaglandin that causes contractions of the uterus or excessive parent who become disabled. Some nonprescription painkillers can help relieve these symptoms. Sometimes a disease or medical condition, such as endometriosis and uterine myomas, are the cause of pain. Treatment depends on the origin of the problem and its severity.
• abnormal uterine bleeding or vaginal bleeding than normal menstrual periods. Includes bleeding very abundant or scarce, unusually long periods, too frequent or between periods. In adolescent girls and women who are approaching menopause, the hormonal imbalance problems often lead to these disorders, as well as irregular cycles. Other causes of abnormal bleeding is uterine fibroids and polyps, and the treatment will depend on its origin.
In short, we can say that menstruation is the part of the ovarian cycle in which the endometrium responds to the stimulus of estrogen in the ovulatory phase and the elimination of progesterone in the postovulatory when there is no pregnancy, and if the cycles are and regular ovulation occurs.
Not always the irregularities of the menstrual cycle are candidates for treatment, and the first intention was to discard some organic problem.
When do you see a doctor?
• If you are 16 years and has not yet begun to menstruate.
• If your period suddenly stops occur.
• If bleeding for more days than usual.
• If bleeding excessively.
• If bleeding more than just a few drops between periods.
• If you have severe pain during their period.

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Some parents discover that their child shows any change immediately after birth. From the identification of alterations in children various questions arise as to what happened or what it means to have a special need. It soon becomes evident that, in addition, the parents of these children also need help to cope with external situations generated by the special needs of their children. 22 and Feb. 23, 2008 took place on First "Day by day the child with special needs," Angels in the Pedregal Hospital, The Way to Sta. Teresa 1055, Col. Padierna Heroes Del. Magdalena Contreras, CP 10700, Mexico, DF

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In Mexico diabetics already have the possibility to include the use of special shoes and socks in the all-important care of their feet. The first are made from natural cotton, which allows perspiration and has no dyes that can promote sweating or cause skin reactions. The socks and socks have no seams or they are located outdoors, so that friction does not hurt your feet. The shoes also have special systems that keep ventilated and not damp, plus tips strengthened to protect the fingers and designs that fit the foot so as to minimize friction. The socks are sold in supermarkets and departmental stores, and shoes are already available in stores orthopedic devices.

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Both chains of bakeries in supermarkets as the supply of bread and salt box for various needs of nutrition and health has diversified in recent months, so now you can choose which presentations to the benefits of fiber, nutrients combinations of seven or 12 grains (sesame, oats, sunflower, etc.), the properties of flaxseed or baked products especially for diabetics, rich in fiber and low fat and refined sugars and flours. The next time you buy bread review new products, though neither you nor your family have a problem specific to health care, new breads offer more nutritional benefits than those in forever.

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According to data from INEGI, Mexico 18% of the couples-which added nearly 1 500 000 - face a cause of infertility, it is thought that a couple has problems of infertility when she tried to conceive a child naturally so least one year of having sexual relations without any contraceptive method. It's primary has never been achieved when a pregnancy and previous pregnancies when there is secondary. The pace of life today has implications for couples who choose to wait before having their first child. On average, women professionals in Latin America is pregnant for the first time between 26 and 29 years of age, whereas in Europe it is up to 35 years.
However, the possibility of pregnancy to 35 years is half of which is 25, because the quantity and quality of sperm and egg cells diminishes over time in line. It has been noted that of all the problems of infertility, 25% are causes male, between 20 and 30% are for ovarian disorders, 15 to 20% by tubal disorders, from 5 to 10% by cervical dislocation and rest (5 to 10%) for various causes. It is estimated that 100% of cases of infertility, more than 90% have solutions to some treatment of assisted reproduction.

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Specialists from the United States found that an average person can listen to up to four hours a day and half an MP3 player with headphone button to 70% of its volume, although this level of damage to their hearing. However, this type of equipment can produce hearing damage does listen to its peak for more than five minutes a day with a headset button. As for cell phones, it was discovered that people who talk on cell usually more than one hour a day may experience trouble receiving high-frequency sounds and distinguish phonemes such as "s" or "h". The test-in which 100 regular users and 50 people who do not use cell also showed that using it for more than an hour a day for four years increased the inability to distinguish sounds

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According to a group of sexologists in the United States and Canada, the "desirable intercourse lasts between seven and 13 minutes, even if it ends between three and seven minutes can be defined as" appropriate ". Who conducted the study, published in Journal of Sexual Medicine, concludes that popular culture and social messages have created stereotypes about sexual activity. "Many men and women fantasize with penis larger, with longer erections, and especially with sexual intercourse to last all night," he said. These popular myths may be a cause of great frustration, some people feel for not being able to ejaculate early "hold" more than four minutes, when that time is perfectly normal, and bring people to consume "products miracle" that not only failed are effective but can endanger health.

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The main cause of mortality among children in Mexico are accidents (ATS 54, July 2008). According to data from the National Population Council (CONAPO), the child population stands at 31 400000 children aged under 15 years, and represents 29.5% of the total population, a proportion which tends to decrease. The four largest metropolitan areas-Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla and Tlaxcala-concentrated together nearly half of children aged 0 to 14 from around the country, with 4200000, the State of Mexico is the entity with largest child population. The Conapo noted that the cause of one in every four deaths among children and one in five girls between 1 to 5 years of age is an accident. Also among the population of school age (6 to 14 years) accidents are the leading cause of death. The government agency projected that by 2010 there will be in Mexico a total of 30500000 of girls and boys under 15.

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• In recent years, increased cardiac ailments, smoking and alcoholism among the female gender.
• The human papillomavirus is the main risk factor for developing cervical cancer.
Who has assumed the role of women in society in recent years, which has diversified its business, has led it to adopt other habits to adapt to the fast pace of life today, but these are reflected in their physical and mental health.
Mexican women, traditionally healthy, has been plagued in recent decades by a significant increase of illnesses such as cervical and breast cancer, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and alcoholism.
The pressures of work, the demands of their schedules and the stress is experienced daily in big cities, as well as the need to obtain recognition of the work performed, also affect the poor quality of mental and emotional health of this sector population.


Against this background, specialists from the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) have been concerned by multi initiate actions aimed at preventing these illnesses with vocational guidance for the care of the most valuable thing: our health.
Among the most serious health problems is breast cancer. We present more often in people older than 60 years of age and to a lesser extent in women between 40 and 50 years, reported Dr. Gelasio Zarco Espinosa, head of the Department of Breast Tumors of the Oncology Hospital National Medical Center ( CMN) Siglo XXI.
Institutional figures indicate that smoking is a key determinant of cancers like breast, 60% of the over 8 thousand patients who receive care for carcinomas, are or were smokers.
Moreover, obesity has gained relevance as the cause of breast cancer, whose symptoms are inflammation of alert, swelled thousandth of the skin, sinking of the nipple secretion of fluid (without breastfeeding), color change in the complexion and presence of a mass without pain.
The exploration of the breasts regularly to detect any abnormality, practiced mastografía (annually, from age 45) and go to the doctor, are key points for the timely detection of this cancer.
Another condition that an increase is alarming cervical cancer, which in the opinion of specialists is the result of the increase in sexually transmitted diseases, particularly chronic infections of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which destroys the lining of organs female players and is the main cause of this cancer.
HPV infection is among the five diseases that are transmitted sexually mind more often. Of the hundred types of HPV that there are some 15 varieties are at high risk, with more likely to develop cancer, said Dr. Hector Meza Vazquez, Chief of Andrology of CMN Siglo XXI.
The presence of warts in the perianal area, pharynx or mouth, is the clearest sign that the woman has been infected by HPV, but the infection often has no visible manifestations. To detect chronic cases, which are those
the risk of developing cancer in the Social Security practiced smears and colposcopy studies, which can make the diagnosis and provide treatment precisely.
At the Institute is conducting various procedures to treat genital warts, such as cryosurgery (freezing to destroy the fabric), electrosurgery (cut with a hot wire), the laser and conventional surgery.
Another disease that affects women and that has increased, is the systemic arterial hypertension, known as "the silent murderer," because it generates no symptoms or discomfort, but it represents a serious risk that can lead to heart failure or kidney and , In extreme cases, heart attack.
Dr. Marco Antonio Ramos Corrales, head of the Coronary Unit of Hospital Specialty cmn of La Raza, announced that, on average, 2.6 women die from cardiovascular problems, mainly myocardial infarction and the formation of clots that obstruct blood vessels of the brain .
He warned that women are more at risk of losing their lives for heart failure, because the symptoms are not the common infarction (chest pain, intense and oppressive, who runs the arm, in addition to sweating and vomiting).
He noted that usually develop one or more atypical, as pain in the neck, jaw, at the mouth of the stomach and even come to faint.
Dr. Ramos pointed out that as these symptoms are not identified with damage to the heart, patients do not go to the doctor promptly. However, he said, has been scientifically proven that the opportune time to address these problems is at most 12 hours, since after the possibility of dying is located in six out of ten cases.
Exercise and have healthy eating habits, do not smoke or drink alcohol excessively, are part of recommendations to prevent the emergence of this disease.
Obesity is a major risk factor in most of these diseases, and is particularly linked to the sedentary lifestyle (lack of physical activity), the disproportionate food intake, stress and depression, among others, which go hand in hand with the diabetes, major health problem in Mexico, leading cause of death and first place in the diagnosis of IMSS.
The impact of diabetes goes beyond due to complications associated with chronic renal failure, diabetic retinopathy, which causes blindness, metabolic disorders and diabetic foot, which leads to worse to amputation of the limb.

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Acne is a skin disease that can last a long time and is characterized by the presence of lesions known as "grains", "mud" or "shin", medically called comedones. Has an important impact physical, psychological and social whom he suffers.
The causes of acne are varied, and is now accepted that the factors involved in its appearance are genetics, race, age, diet and hormone levels, mainly from the so-called "sex hormones, which are the responsible for changes in the body during adolescence; also knows that the presence of some microorganisms on the skin (fungi and bacteria) is important for the occurrence of the disease.


Acne is a very common condition, eight in ten people suffer at least once in their lifetime. The largest number of cases of this disease occurs in adolescents (between 12 and 18 years old), and is slightly more common in men than in women, one in four consultations in dermatology are due to this disease, Much of the impact on the appearance, image and self-esteem of patients, and more for teenagers, who are in a phase that is characterized by the need to create an image of itself and break into social relations.

The comedones
Each hair or hair from our body has at its base, into the skin, a gland that secretes an oily substance used to lubricate the skin and to protect them from microorganisms. The comedones (mud or shin) are produced by the accumulation of fat from the sebaceous glands and the increase in the number of bacteria and fungi in the affected area, which remain trapped at the base of the hair, all this is accompanied by an immunological response system SPO (inflammation) which involves the appearance of inflammatory lesions with pus.
The areas of the body most often affected are the face, chest and back. The severity of acne is highly variable and can range from a few minor injuries on his face to extensive areas of the body where injuries may occur distorting.
Ideally, the diagnosis of acne you should do a skin specialist (a dermatologist), to investigate all the factors that may be affecting the patient, as well as to rule out that this is another disease that also produces comedones, as can be Some reactions by the use of medicinal or cosmetic creams, in most cases the physical examination and questioning are enough to make the diagnosis, that is, that rarely require other methods (laboratory studies, biopsy, etc.) to established.
Due to its origin and because it is a multifactorial disease of long duration, for the treatment of acne should be taken several steps, including changing the habits of hygiene and application of local treatment on the injury, should also combat the production of fat the skin with specific drugs and prevent bacteria or fungi that might be involved in the disease spread, managing specific antibiotics.
Self with creams or lotions can give good results in the short term, but for the definitive treatment for acne should consult a dermatologist to indicate the treatment and follow up the patient.

Acne rosacea or ¿?
Not to be confused with acne rosacea, which recently disclosed serious publications has also been misnamed Rosillo. Rosacea is a chronic disease of the skin, unlike acne, it does not affect primarily the pilosebaceous follicle. While still discussing its causes, which appear to be a combination of many factors, it is assumed that one of the most important is the involvement of the microcirculation in the skin of the face, which gives it its distinctive reddish inflammation of a small the skin. Rosacea is more common among women than among men, and mainly affects between 40 and 50 years, so it is believed that another factor associated with it may be hormonal, because at this stage usually start the changes leading to the menopause. It seems that, aside from being a component of genetic predisposition, rosacea is more common among those who have suffered injury from exposure to ultraviolet rays, for example, burns from the sun.
Why worsens acne?
By the action of some drugs, mostly steroids, like cortisone, the B-complex or contraceptives.
• On the pressure that occurs when you squeeze (tweak) the comedones.
• For the friction with the clothes.
• For hormonal changes: menstruation, puberty, menopause.

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What is osteoarthritis?
With the term arthritis refers to a wide variety of ailments that have in common that affect the joints, both seniors, like those of younger people. Arthritis can be caused at least 200 conditions, which cause pain and other symptoms significantly.
However, it is very common to use the word "arthritis" to refer to any of these pathologies. For example, rheumatoid arthritis often confused with osteoarthritis. Both diseases cause, usually, pain, stiffness and immobility, but rheumatoid arthritis is an entirely different condition.
Osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease, is the most common diseases of the joints. It occurs most frequently in people of middle age and elderly, and affects the neck, lower back, knees, hips and joints of the fingers.


Approximately 70% of those over 70 years show evidence of radiation sickness, but only half of them developed symptoms. Osteoarthritis can also affect joints that have previously been damaged by prolonged overuse, infection or rheumatic disease already exists. Patients with osteoarthritis suffer pain and functional impairment.

Definition
It is a degenerative joint disease, which occurs in older people, characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, hypertrophy of the bone margins (osteófitos), subcondral sclerosis, many biochemical and morphological alterations of the synovial membrane and articular capsule.
It is a degenerative disease of hyaline cartilage that is gradually eroding, cracking, thinner and even in advanced stages, it can disappear.
The loss of cartilage causes changes in the bone adjacent to the articular cartilage (subcondral), which reacts to produce deformations and attempted regeneration. It also triggered secondary inflammatory phenomena, which are often the cause of osteoarthritis that produces symptoms like pain and stiffness.
All this adversely affects mobility and the normal functioning of the joint, leading to the patient to a progressive disability to perform their daily activities.
Classification
Osteoarthritis is a heterogeneous disease and its classification to serve the latest proposal by the American College of Rheumatology, which basically considers:
1. Primary or idiopathic osteoarthritis, those who do not obey a known cause and which are divided into:
a) Located either in the hands, feet, hips, knees, shoulders or spine, mainly.
b) Generalized as they affects at least three of the previous joint groups.
2. Osteoarthritis secondary, are those that are due to a cause or pre-existing disease known as trauma, metabolic processes, endocrine, deposits microcris-Talin, congenital diseases, among others.
It is important to know that osteoarthritis, according to the degree of impact of mobility and damage to cartilage in joints, is classified as mild, moderate (in both cases can manifest inflammation and / or pain, but there is no such difficulty to move ) Or severe (if there is little degree of mobility).
Epidemiology
In Mexico, more than five million people over 50 suffer from osteoarthritis, which is ranked as the most common rheumatic disease around the world, as well as one of the most disabling, impeding the fulfillment of a life with quality and cause costs Families high. It has been observed that only a third of the large percentage of patients with radiographic evidence of degenerative changes introduced a joint symptoms attributable to osteoarthritis.
In our country, in 2001 the fourth leading cause of disability in the opinion of the Mexican Social Security Institute was in ankylosing spondylitis.

Risk Factors
They are classified into general risks (non-modifiable and modifiable) and local.
General non-modifiable:
1. Age: 45 years and over is lower, but increases by up to 80% after 80 years.
2. Sex: up to 50 years is similar in both genders, and thus began a dominance in women, both anatomic and clinical. In man-show in metacarpofalángicas and hip joints, and in women, in the proximal interfalángicas and knees.
3. Genetic susceptibility, some subgroups of osteoarthritis seem to have a genetic determinant, particularly the nodules of Heberden and those of Bouchard, more prevalent among women than in men, appearing in an familiar with autosomal dominant pattern for women and inheritance in men.

Modifiable risk factors:
There are factors that have a direct relation with the development of osteoarthritis. The most important are:
1. Obesity: Overweight and development of osteoarthritis have a well-established in the knees. In addition, it is always a negative factor in the evolution of the disease since it affects the joints of support or weight-bearing, as is the case of the lumbar spine, hips or feet.
Obesity is a major risk factor for developing osteoarthritis.
2. Physical activity in sports: the activity is not normal because of osteoarthritis, but the continued use, persistent and repetitive of a joint (overuse) can lead to injuries focal osteoarthritis, as the case may be of some athletes who practice too much.
3. Work: if an anatomical region is subject to continuous action or forced over a long period, this may be the origin of a disease artrósica, such as miners, mechanical hammers handlers, loaders, among others.
4. Bone density: it has been observed that in people with a lower bone density, which are the bones more fragile, the risk of developing osteoarthritis decreases. Osteoporosis (bone mass shortages due to a decalcification of the bones) "protects" some form of this disease.
However, osteoporosis is a disease that can cause severe bone fractures, so it is essential to prevent it through exercise and adequate intake of calcium (present in dairy products).
5. Nutritional factors: it has been said that certain micronutrients, such as antioxidants, involved in the control of free radicals, which are capable of damaging some macromolecules such as the cell membrane lipoproteins, proteins and DNA.
Etiopathogenesis
Cartilage is composed of specialized cells (chondrocytes) and an intercellular matrix produced by those cells, which in turn are made up of collagen fibers embedded in hyaluronic acid. They depend on the biomechanical characteristics of the cartilage. Hyaluronic acid confers the same elasticity and ability to withstand heavy weights.
The cause of osteoarthritis is the primary change in the normal function of chondrocytes and its degeneration causes the release of enzymes that cause inflammation. In osteoarthritis secondary when it starts the degeneration of cartilage destruction and the cause is usually a disease, injury, trauma or abuse of any joint.

Clinical features
Typical is the absence of general or systemic manifestations, as well as the involvement of a few joints (pauciarticular) that appears in a slow, gradual, preferably in the knees, hips, cervical and lumbar spine, hands (interfalángicas joints, and the first trapeziometacarpal metatarsofalángica) , And except in cases of osteoarthritis secondary respects shoulders, wrists, ankles and elbows.
Pain is the initial symptom and more important. At the top is a mechanic (insidious onset, improves with rest and worsens with exercise), distinct type of inflammatory pain (steady, persistent sleep, wake up the patient arrives in the evening) that appears in other joint diseases kind of inflammatory (various types of arthritis), but in the end stages can also be persistent and occur even at rest or during sleep.
Stiffness, morning or after prolonged inactivity: generally less than 30 minutes, which generally improves with the mobilization and exercise.
Decrease in the arc of movement.
Secondary muscle contracture.
Muscular atrophy secondary to the detention proof.
In addition, one must consider the inconvenience of each affected region: the knee, hip, wrist or column expressing their own alterations.

Laboratory data
Analysis data revealing the presence of osteoarthritis are minimal (unless there is an intercurrent disease): high sedimentation rate; hematic biometrics, blood chemistry and general urine within normal; synovial fluid with high viscosity with low cellularity less than 1000 cells per mm3; this test is useful in other inflammatory diseases or microcrystals.

Radiology
In the early stages, the alterations are minimal or non-detectable, but with developments appear injuries characteristics:
1) Decrease in joint space by thinning of the articular cartilage.
2) Sclerosis subcondral, which manifests as an increase in bone density of the portion of the underlying bone and cartilage that is the response of bone to the alteration of the mechanical joint.
3) Osteófitos, are the specific features of osteoarthritis and bone which are condensation on the banks Osteoarticular in response to repetitive stress on bone joints.
4) Cysts subcondrales or GEODAS, spaces that are formed in the bone due to the change of the sites load it.
5) dislocations, disturbances in the normal alignment of the joint, which indicate the severity of the condition.

Treatment
In patients with functional limitations should be minimal handling or non-pharmacological treatment, patient education, weight control, physical therapy, occupational therapy, orthotic use, identification of risk factors. If necessary, drug treatment should begin with simple analgesics, failing to achieve improvement will be used opioid analgesics such as propoxyphene, codeine or oxicodeína for a few days.
After the evaluation of risk factors for gastric and renal toxicity (age over 65 years, comorbidities, ulceropéptica history of illness, history of digestive tract bleeding, use of anticoagulants) may be used NSAIDs, naproxen, diclofenac and piroxicam; if necessary, by the existence of some gastric disturbance, may be used drugs COX-2 inhibitors, always taking care with the type of cardiovascular comorbidities, especially in patients older than 65 years.
The use of steroids intrarticulares can give good results in the process, when the indication and technique are correct, the slow release compounds prolong the effectiveness of these products. The steroid infiltration is a clear indication in cases of acute or in combination with other techniques, such as the onset of physical or complement to other drugs. In these cases it is important that the patient keep a sleep period of 24 to 48 hours to avoid excessive use of the joint after the analgesia produced.
The type of drugs, nutrients or dietary supplements such as Glucosamine, Chondroitin Sulfate, which are derived from soy and avocado, have not shown a great difference in the results of profit that mentions the industry.
Viscosupplementation has submitted regular results, controversial, and that can be used in the early stages of the disease.
Orthopedic surgery is a remedy more in the treatment of osteoarthritis and in recent decades has decisively improved the living conditions of many patients artrósicos. His statement is more frequent than in the lower extremities above. The surgical techniques used include the use of arthroplasties, osteotomies, arthrodesis, prosthetic implants or partial debridement articulate, and so on.
Prevention
Definitely the best prevention is the element that has to avoid the extensive damage of osteoarthritis, especially with the modifiable factors of the disease, such as controlling weight, exercising appropriate and well-managed, to avoid excessive use of certain joints and, in the aspect of work, maintain proper posture. First of all, go to the doctor since the onset of symptoms and adhere to lincamientos management and care that he recommends.

Questions and answers

1. What is it?
Osteoarthritis is the result of wear and tear on the joint surface, which occurs at a slow but progressive. Overall, it begins to be felt in middle age and affects mainly the joints that support more work, such as the hips, knees and spine, causing pain and progressive disability. It also presents most often in the hands, which is the cause of diminished capacity for movement.
In the knee, we can enjoy the same alterations:
In the x-ray of the left edges are sharp and healthy joints, while in the image on the right shows that over the years has developed an arthritis patient who already deformed joints edges.

2. What are the changes?
The cartilage of the affected joint is then softens and tears; it was revealed that the bone was found underneath, which hardens by rubbing it must endure and begins to grow in the form of spurs in and around the joint . In Progressively hinders the free movement of the joint, which increasingly will become disabled.

3. In addition to the wear, what other causes contributing to the onset of osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis always is exacerbated by the excessive body weight, the positions of the defective spine and body, as well as strokes or repeated efforts. Also the muscle contractions caused by mental states of tension, played a decisive role in the emergence of this disease.

4. Does the spine is affected often?
Yes, especially the cervical spine (the neck) and lumbar spine (the waist). In these cases, the pain and disability may be due to neuritis, a muscle spasm or at the premature aging of the spine, which is why over the years, almost all people show signs of physical and radiographic osteoarthritis in the column.
The red line shows the sites worn by osteoarthritis in the lumbar spine.
In the next image colors are highlighted with the sites of pain that the patient has indicated to the doctor. The blue zone covers the long arm and forearm. The doctor found that pain originates in the small area marked as blue C7.

5. What forms of pain that can cause osteoarthritis?
This depends on the area of the body is affected. For example, in the case of the cervical spine (the neck), the pain usually part of the base of the neck and runs to the shoulder, arm and the hand goes up on that side. In case you hit the lumbar spine (the waist), the pain from the waist, it affects the buttock, thigh, leg and foot or the heel of the hand, whether in the form of pain, contracture or cramp.
In any of the above cases, the pain may be accompanied by a tingling, burning or numbness in arms and hands or legs and feet.
Using the same example, in the picture we see how the patient said that his pain spreads from the waist through the buttock, thigh, leg and even reaches the big toe.
Such pain is satisfactorily resolved by the specialist, who will apply the medication only where it originates, ie in the lumbar spine that is indicated by the red arrow.
The following example shows how the pain is projected to several areas of the shoulder and arm, resulting in different sites of the cervical spine.

6. In what circumstances is the pain?
It has been found that the pain is associated with the increased movement of the affected joint and to surges in the weight it supports. Another important and frequent cause of pain is uncomfortable or improper posture, which forces the joints for several hours, such as bad posture or sleeping in a bed inappropriate. The same is true for the positions during the vicious and prolonged labor. This is associated with stress and muscle contracture, which aggravate the pain.

7. The pain can go alone?
The pain is usually the result of which a nerve is compressed or irritated, as in the case of osteoarthritis of the spine, or the wear is due to inflammation or irritation of the nerve endings of any another articulation, so once it has occurred, the pain will increase along with the progress of the disease and always will be within the range of nerve or nerve compromised by the process of osteoarthritis.
In the picture we see two variants of compression of the nervous system.
These two vertebrae with the same kind of affection but in a different place in the vertebrae disc 1 (light gray) that normally exists between one and a vertebra, is planning a hernia right in the center as they mark the arrow, and to move in that direction encountered with the spinal cord (in blue), which compresses.
In the 2 vertebra hernia is projected on a nerve root (red), as we mark the arrow.
In either case, there is an intense pain (the famous low-back pain and sciatic) that can be eliminated in the most simple and direct in full, that is, placing the medicines directly from the discs sick. That is called local treatment and the result is amazing.

8. What is the most common clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis ÁE a patient?
The disorder is presented with a gradual introduction of pain that, as we said, it may be in the hip in the groin area, in the buttock, thigh or at the knees, which are the most disabling, but remains in frequency and importance in the neck, back and waist.
The pain when climbing stairs is characteristic, especially when the body's weight is shifted toward the affected side, plus you can see a sense of friction or crepitation of the bones.
The patients reported that their discomfort increases when, trying to relieve by rest, but find they are compounded if spend much time sitting or lying down. Finally, there is a gradual and painful limitation of movement.
When examining the parties concerned is that they are hard to the touch and hurt at pressuring. The patient was referred to note increased friction within the joint, as if you missing lubrication. In the case of the hip and waist, the pain occurs limitations of movement and a progressive inability to extend or lift the legs: it stems later in drag their feet when walking and in a progressive shortening of the leg of the affected side.
The red line that runs from knee to the chest of the patient lying down is the normal distance of bending in a healthy person. But those who suffer from osteoarthritis of the knee or hip have difficulty in bending his leg.
The red line shows the sites worn by one of osteoarthritis in the hips.

9. What other symptoms can occur?
The stiffness almost always accompanies osteoarthritis. Also, the muscle spasm is common. When there is pain in a joint, the body defends itself trying to immobilize the area through the con-tractura of the muscles surrounding the affected area, but that, far from calming the pain, as it aggravates the patient tries to put in motion. Thus, over time patients are increasingly mobilized by the fear of pain, what is going to provoke them, almost without notice, progressive deformities and disability.
Here we can see how they relate muscles of the back with the bones of the back of the head, with shoulder blades and vertebra of the neck and the very back. Therefore, the contraction of these muscles (for nervousness, tension, bad positions or efforts) próaúce intense pain.

10. Doctor, doctor you like, why symptoms consult?
In the typical course of events the patient first consulting your doctor usual because feels pain in the groin, the buttock, in the leg or in the column.
He refers, for example, that the affected area is very stiff in the morning and sometimes it costs to get shoes or socks. He said the pain was aggravated by the efforts or the uncomfortable positions.
Therefore, the doctor tells studies and analysis of X-rays, which are of great help, and prescribes salicylates, analgesics or anti-inflammatory drugs until after a while, the patient's body becomes accustomed to the remedies and no longer responds to painkillers such as at the beginning.
The patient says to the doctor where you feel more pain before starting treatment.

11. What is your overall approach to the treatment?
After examining the patient and meticulous with all who suffer from osteoarthritis establish, explain how you benefit with the treatments, initially in a continuum with specific medication, control of risk factors mentioned, such as exercise, weight control, caring posture.
When they were done, the next step is to instruct on how to strengthen or affected joints and how to recover the function of all the muscles that have atrophied with the decline or lack of use of diseased joints.
It is possible therefore that we see the patient for various reasons, among them, because they're worried about the future of their disease, which increasingly responds to the least-oral medication or injections, or by fear of failure that interferes with their work or their life in general, and wondered about the seriousness that it can achieve its case and at what pace.
The local treatments do so with all its power and without damaging the overall health of the patient, causing an effective delay in the progression of disease and marked improvement in pain, with a beneficial impact on the patient's emotional sphere, which is provided to them same future as an invalid.

12. How the patient learns to do all these things?
We need instructions on how to make the right training in their own homes and on how to plan their activities. A mechanic, for example, can sit on a bench high for four or five hours, instead of standing all day, and a letter from your doctor can help a police officer to get a desk job, not to mortify their diseased joints on standing for long hours.
The life of a patient can be directed to save as much as possible, the load on your joints. This can be extended further until the indication of what should not eat, to reduce the overhead means the excess weight.

13. What else relieves the pain?
Overall, the therapies physiatrists, applications of dry heat with bags of sand or rubber and hot gel pad or electric.
Following the implementation of these forms of heat, massage indicated with a gel or ointment; this would supplement the excellent and long-term profit achieved by medication, which previously has been introduced into the patient directly into the affected areas.
Often, success in relieving pain and restore and maintain the role of the parties with ar-trosis, will be the result of the continued cooperation of the patient, who must find in the medical advisor and a true friend concerned about getting their welfare.
14. What are the cases are candidates for surgery?
There are two indisputable indications: 1) the almost total loss of ability to perform daily activities such as sitting down and getting up from a chair, for example, or 2) the pain is so constant and so unbearable that the patient and is unwilling or unable to live with it.

Among the therapies that help relieve pain are:
1) manual massage.
2) sand bag hot pad or electric.
3) Application of clay or wax hot.
15. Does this mean that the patient is no longer "forced" to suffer more?
Indeed, the process can not be stopped in full, but you can greatly reduce the speed of its evolution over very long periods, which undoubtedly will be adding victories in other forms of treatment, which supplement the excellent results until now, which allows patients to return to live as normal beings, without pain and without fear of disability, threats that up before such treatments are always hinting.

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